Review for psychology pavlovs theory Essay

IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENTS OF A CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED RESPONSE: For each of the following identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR. 1.Alexander is four years old. One night his parents decided to light a fire in the family room fireplace. A burning ember jumped out of the fireplace and landed on Alexander’s leg, creating a nasty burn. He cried because the burn hurt. A week later, when Alexander’s parents start to light another fire in the fireplace, Alexander begins to cry. (UCS: burn; UCR: crying; CS: fire in the fireplace; CR: crying) 2.Emily is driving to work during a heavy snowstorm when the brake lights on the car ahead of her come on. She hits her brakes but is unable to avoid hitting the car. She is badly shaken up in the accident. The next time she is driving in the snow she notices that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her. (UCS: accident; UCR: shaken up; CS: driving in the snow; CR: tensing up) 3.Bill’s mom followed the same routine before serving dinner–she would put ice in the glasses and then call â€Å"come and get it, dinner’s ready†. Immediately upon hearing those words, Bill would quickly run down the stairs. After awhile, Bill would come running down the stairs when he heard the ice hitting the glasses. (UCS: mom calling â€Å"come and get it, dinner’s ready†; UCR: running down the stairs; CS: ice hitting the glasses; CR: running down the stairs) 4.Gary is the client relations officer at his firm. The phone in his office has â€Å"caller id† so that the client can be identified before he answers the phone. After receiving a call with a rude client, Gary would be very annoyed and agitated. He began to notice that the rude calls tended to come from clients that were identified by a â€Å"1-800† number on the caller id. Therefore, whenever a â€Å"1-800† number appeared, he would become annoyed. (UCS: call from a rude client; UCR: annoyance and agitation; CS: â€Å"1-800† number on the caller ID; CR: annoyance) 5.When Ann was a college freshman, she was assigned to live in a very old dormitory. The old plumbing system produced a problem when one person was taking a shower and one person need to flush the toilet–shortly after a person flushed the toilet, all of the cold water left the shower leaving only the hot water. The first time this happened, Ann was scalded by the hot water. She yelped and jumped back. The next day, as soon as she heard the toilet  flush she jumped back. (UCS: hot water on body; UCR: jumping back; CS: toilet flushing; CR: jumping back) IDENTIFYING OUTCOMES IN OPERANT CONDITIONING: Indicate whether each situation involves positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement. 1.Fred gets a speeding ticket. (positive punishment) NOTE: This example can be used to demonstrate one of the limitations of punishment–suppressing behavior but not eliminating it. Students will usually indicate that getting a speeding ticket leads some people to buy a radar detector! 2.Emily’s professor compliments her writing ability. (positive reinforcement) 3.Zachary is expelled from school for cheating on an exam. (negative punishment) NOTE: This example can be used to demonstrate that one person’s punishment is another person’s reinforcement. Expulsion from school is intended to be negative punishment–removing the privilege of attending school, presumably a pleasant stimulus. However, students could view it as negative reinforcement–removing the annoying constraint of being forced to attend school, known (at least to some students) to be an unpleasant stimulus! 4.Leon goes to the health club for a rare workout and pushes himself so hard that his entire body aches and he throws up. (positive punishment) 5.Linda buys her daughter a candy bar so that she will not be embarrassed by her daughter’s temper tantrum. (negative reinforcement for Linda, positive reinforcement for the daughter) NOTE: This example can be used to demonstrate that parents can unintentionally reinforce a child’s behavior–a nice warning for the students in class who may some day be parents. 6.George shoots up heroin to ward off the symptoms associated with heroin withdrawal. (negative reinforcement) NOTE: Some students will misidentify this as an example of positive reinforcement. They will indicate that shooting up heroin is pleasurable and presentation of a pleasant stimulus is the definition of positive reinforcement. Tell students that a situation can be viewed as either positive or negative reinforcement depending on how it is viewed. Shooting up heroin could be considered positive reinforcement if it is viewed from the perspective of producing a pleasurable â€Å"high† feeling.  However, if it is viewed from the perspective of avoiding the aversive stimulus of withdrawal symptoms then it is an example of avoidance conditioning–a type of negative reinforcement. 7.Edna constantly complains about her husband to colleagues at work. Her co-workers get tired of her and no longer provide her with sympathy. (negative punishment) TYPES OF FORGETTING: For each of the following indicate which type of forgetting is responsible for each situation: Alexander is having trouble using his new computer program because he keeps entering commands from the program he used to use. (proactive interference) Carolyn is in a serious boating accident. Afterwards, she cannot remember her name or where she lives. (retrograde amnesia) Although Scott used to drive a stick shift car, he can not remember much about how to shift gears manually since lately he has been driving an automatic car. (retroactive interference) Jerry is unable to remember the name of a restaurant when his friend, George, comes by and says, â€Å"I feel like I have died and gone to heaven because Joan has finally agreed to go out with me†. Suddenly, Jerry remembers the name of the restaurant–Taco Heaven. (lack of an appropriate retrieval cue) Robert was the passenger in a car involved in a head-on collision. He has been unable to remember anythi ng that has happened since the day of the accident. (anterograde amnesia)

How to Develop Photographic Memory

How to Develop Photographic Memory Struggling to remember that phone number? Having troubles memorizing the dates for the History exam? Seeking for a magic way to imprint the information on your brain quickly and efficiently? Sadly, we dont do magic. Luckily, there are some ways to help drastically improve your memory. Before we get down to business, lets dot all the is and cross all the ts. Though used interchangeably, the terms â€Å"photographic memory† and â€Å"eidetic memory† dont mean the same thing. Eidetic memory is the ability to remember visual images for a long time after seeing them shortly. Photographic memory is a skill, that allows one to memorize impressive amounts of information (text, numbers etc) almost immediately after seeing them. Its considered to be a popular misconception and a product of junk science. If the controversy hasnt changed your intention to improve your memory and get closer to a true â€Å"braniac† status, prepare to do some work and appreciate the results. With a bit of patience and practice youll definitely become the memory master. Method of Loci This technique requires a bit of effort and a lot of imagination. Basically, its a mnemonic device, strongly connected with spatial memory. There are several stages to it and well walk you through each one. Construct Your Memory Palace Our brain remember visual images much better than soulless text or numbers. Thats why building associations facilitates memorizing process. Memory palace is where youll store the images. It doesnt have to be fancy a all. The only requirement is that you know it and can easily find your way around. The house youve grown up in will fit perfectly. Once the place is chosen, move to the next step. Paint the Pictures Lets go with the basics here: say, you need to memorize the list of groceries, which contains milk, avocados, soap and corn flakes. Take the three items and go a little crazy. Imagine avocado, swimming in the canoe down the milk river, floating down the stairs of your house. Then, it takes a machine-gun, and starts shooting with cornflakes. They hit your Moms favorite vase, it breaks into pieces, releasing soap foam all over the place. There you have it: avocado, milk, soap and corn flakes! We remember catchy images much better. The images you create may be ridiculous, scary, sexy, shocking – whatever works for you. Make sure to connect them with a certain location in your mind palace, use the vivid colors and prepare to be surprised with how much you actually can remember. Take a Tour Now, take a stroll around the palace. Use the mental â€Å"anchors† youve left around it and think of an element of your picture. After that you brain will conjure up the whole image, helping you recall the constituents. Thats how you use the loci method. Unleash your creativity and have fun with it. Mind Mapping Mind Mapping is a powerful memorizing technique, effective particularly for non-linear thinkers. It involves drawing a scheme, with the key concept in the center with all the others surrounding it. The notions are organized into branches, which leads first to the important sub-concept and then, inevitably, to the central one. A well-organized mind-map is far more efficient than hours of repetition as it makes you think and build connections in your own way. Go Sober Yeah, this one is a bit sad. Alcohol deteriorates your learning abilities and memory. If you do want to facilitate the memorizing process to the greatest extent, go really light on booze (if youre not ready to give it up entirely). The wisest choice concerning the beverage is red wine: its full of antioxidants and flavanols that help prevent Alzheimers disease and make your memory function better. Military Technique Ready to go tough? This technique has been used to train the intelligence for several decades already. To try it youll need: a room (preferably with no windows), a lamp (with a switch that is easy to reach), a book with the information you need to memorize, a sheet of paper and 15 minutes per day at least during a month. Got it all? Moving to the method then. First, choose the paragraph you need to memorize. Then, take the paper and cut out a part of it that will cover all the page of the book except for the needed paragraph. Place the paper onto the page and turn off the lights. When your eyes adjust to the darkness completely, turn on the light for a couple of seconds. The moment should be enough to see the paragraph in full concentration. Then turn off the light and repeat. The whole procedure may sound weird at first, yet soon youll get used to it and remember the text of the paragraph much quicker. Eat Right A good diet is everything. To literally nourish your brain, make sure you include enough products, containing omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, potassium, Vitamins E and K. These elements will keep your brain alert, prevent Alzheimers and dementia, boost your mood and ability to focus. Add sufficient amounts of broccoli, nuts, seeds, oily fish and whole grains to your food and get healthier with every meal. Heres a student grocery list which contain everything you need for a healthy diet. Get Pumped Up Exercising has tons of benefits. Apart from toning your body and increasing general fitness, it helps you be more focused, make better decisions and remember information for a long time. While exercising, you accelerate the blood flow, making it bring more oxygen to the brain cells. In addition to that, the post-workout boost of endorphins will make you feel good about yourself, motivate you to work harder and practice all the techniques weve mentioned above. Well, thats pretty much it. Dont give up and quite soon youll become a real memorization monster!

Free Essays on Modern Television

Modern television trends are provocative and revealing enough to cause our ancestors to roll over in their graves but the main question deals with television’s effects on the living. In the article â€Å"Is mayhem TV harming your health† (Louv B-7) Richard Louv discusses how TV can indeed harm one’s health or at least their understanding of the world. It is said that gory television can provoke those who watch to act similarly and it is also said that consistently violent daily news can arouse a person to make severe misconceptions about the well-being of the world. Television is a major vehicle for many things such as learning, advertising, and informing, but in order to assure satisfaction and benefit to the viewer, one must monitor their television experience and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. Television is a positive means of intellectual development for children and adults alike, but it is to be used in moderation because of its ability to misconst rue reality. First off, television is the hallmark of keeping children occupied by way of fun colors and bright cartoons that incorporate learning into watching a program. In early development there is no substitution for television. I could not picture growing up as a child without my daily fix of â€Å"Sesame Street†. Big Bird’s knowledge, Elmo’s curiosity, and the Count’s arithmetic allowed me to think independently at a young age. Children are smarter today due to advances in teaching and technology. Therefore, it would be unfavorable to deprive a child of watching wholesome educational television. A friend of Richard Louv of the San Diego Union-Tribune, who recently got rid of his only household television states â€Å"We’re frazzled sometimes without our electronic babysitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Louv B-7) and I can imagine the difficulty trying to fill the void. Besides using the television as an â€Å"electronic babysitter†, adults can also use television to further t... Free Essays on Modern Television Free Essays on Modern Television Modern television trends are provocative and revealing enough to cause our ancestors to roll over in their graves but the main question deals with television’s effects on the living. In the article â€Å"Is mayhem TV harming your health† (Louv B-7) Richard Louv discusses how TV can indeed harm one’s health or at least their understanding of the world. It is said that gory television can provoke those who watch to act similarly and it is also said that consistently violent daily news can arouse a person to make severe misconceptions about the well-being of the world. Television is a major vehicle for many things such as learning, advertising, and informing, but in order to assure satisfaction and benefit to the viewer, one must monitor their television experience and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. Television is a positive means of intellectual development for children and adults alike, but it is to be used in moderation because of its ability to misconst rue reality. First off, television is the hallmark of keeping children occupied by way of fun colors and bright cartoons that incorporate learning into watching a program. In early development there is no substitution for television. I could not picture growing up as a child without my daily fix of â€Å"Sesame Street†. Big Bird’s knowledge, Elmo’s curiosity, and the Count’s arithmetic allowed me to think independently at a young age. Children are smarter today due to advances in teaching and technology. Therefore, it would be unfavorable to deprive a child of watching wholesome educational television. A friend of Richard Louv of the San Diego Union-Tribune, who recently got rid of his only household television states â€Å"We’re frazzled sometimes without our electronic babysitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Louv B-7) and I can imagine the difficulty trying to fill the void. Besides using the television as an â€Å"electronic babysitter†, adults can also use television to further t...

Timeline of Hernan Cortes Conquest of the Aztecs

Timeline of Hernan Cortes' Conquest of the Aztecs 1492: Christopher Columbus Discovers the New World for Europe. 1502: Christopher Columbus, on his Fourth New World Voyage, meets with some advanced traders: they were likely Mayan vassals of the Aztecs. 1517: Francisco Hernndez de CÃ ³rdoba expedition: three ships explore the Yucatan. Many Spanish are killed in skirmishes with the natives, including Hernandez. 1518 Jan. - Oct.: The Juan de Grijalva Expedition explores the Yucatan and southern part of Mexicos Gulf Coast. Some of those who took part, including Bernal Diaz del Castillo and Pedro de Alvarado, would later Join Cortes expedition. November 18: Hernan Cortes Expedition sets out from Cuba. 1519 March 24: Cortes and his men fight the Maya of Potonchan. After winning the battle, the Lord of Potonchan would give Cortes gifts, including a slave girl Malinali, who would go on to be better known as Malinche, Cortes invaluable interpreter and mistress. April 21: Cortes Expedition reaches San Juan de Ulua. June 3: Spanish visit Cempoala and found settlement of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. July 26: Cortes sends a ship with treasure and letters to Spain. August 23: Cortes treasure ship stops in Cuba and rumors start to spread of the wealth discovered in Mexico. September 2-20: Spanish enter Tlaxcalan territory and battle the fierce Tlaxcalans and their allies. September 23: Cortes and his men, victorious, enter Tlaxcala and make important alliances with the leaders. October 14: Spanish enter Cholula. October 25? (exact date unknown) Cholula Massacre: Spanish and Tlaxcalans fall on unarmed Cholulans in one of the city squares when Cortes learns of an ambush awaiting them outside the city. November 1: Cortes expedition leaves Cholula. November 8: Cortes and his men enter Tenochtitlan. November 14: Montezuma arrested and placed under guard by the Spanish. 1520 March 5: Governor Velazquez of Cuba sends Panfilo de Narvaez to rein in Cortes and regain control of the expedition. May: Cortes leaves Tenochtitlan to deal with Narvaez. May 20: Pedro de Alvarado orders the massacre of thousands of Aztec nobles at the Festival of Toxcatl. May 28-29: Cortes defeats Narvaez at the Battle of Cempoala and adds his men and supplies to his own. June 24: Cortes returns to find Tenochtitlan in a state of uproar. June 29: Montezuma is injured while pleading with his people for calm: he will die shortly from his wounds. June 30: the Night of Sorrows. Cortes and his men try to creep out of the city under cover of darkness but are discovered and attacked. Most of the treasure collected thus far is lost. July 7: Conquistadors score a narrow victory at the Battle of Otumba. July 11: Conquistadors reach Tlaxcala where they can rest and regroup. September 15: Cuitlahuac officially becomes the Tenth Tlatoani of the Mexica. October: Smallpox sweeps the land, claiming thousands of lives in Mexico, including Cuitlahuac. December 28: Cortes, his plans in place for the reconquest of Tenochtitlan, leaves Tlaxcala. 1521 February: Cuauhtemoc becomes eleventh Tlatoani of the Mexica. April 28: Brigantines launched in Lake Texcoco. May 22: Siege of Tenochtitlan formally begins: Causeways blockaded as the brigantines attack from the water. August 13: Cuauhtemoc is captured while fleeing Tenochtitlan. This effectively ends the resistance of the Aztec Empire. Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Print.Levy, Buddy. New York: Bantam, 2008.Thomas, Hugh. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Anatomy of an e-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Anatomy of an e-business - Essay Example Now this paper will discuss about making an E-business possible. Starting one and maintaining an E-business is a difficult task. Thus, it is important to think about different things and factors that can affect your E-business in the present and in the future. (Hall, p.1) Of course there are different questions on how to pursue a preferred E-Business. The paper will try to highlight these important questions and topics. When starting an E-business one must be driven to pursue the product or service that the owner wants to. The E-business might suffer setback and losses in time and it is very difficult for anyone to recover but that is part of the cycle that one must look into. A potential investor must be able to realize that it is going to experiences losses and failure at the beginning. (Hall, p.1.) In setting up an E-business, it is assured that each is going to take huge amount of stress along the way. So, a person must be strong enough to handle stress of conducting an E-Business in order to survive in this competitive area. (Hall, p.1.) In determining the right amount of business for its needs, one must look into what a person likes and what the people demand for. It will be a good start in determining what type of E-business to conduct. The paper will now present several suggestions in choosing the right E-business. Venturing in a Bookkeeping E-Business If one is adept in this field, then this might be a good venture. In a bookkeeping business, one must be knowledgeable enough in keeping spreadsheets and doing accounting with adequacy and reliability. (Bregman, p.1) Ensuring customer satisfaction in the facilitation of this E-business, assure steady profits and flow of customers. Offering a consultancy E-business Many industries right now are relying on consultancy firms over the internet. Thus, if a person is adept in this field, then maybe this can be a great start in starting a consultancy E-business firm. It has been reported that there is an increasing demand for consultancy firms online as technological advancement enables communication in various boundaries possible. (Bregman, p.1) It has been reported that in the United States alone, consultancy firms online are earning profits of $ billion dollars. (Bregman, p.1) Maybe it is good thinking about joining the competition in the consulting industry. However, a consulting industry would require a thorough understanding of the client company and can give the ample information that the company needs to have in order to achieve in this E-business endeavor. (Bregman, p.1) Important Elements in Starting E-business As the paper had mentioned awhile ago, venturing in an E-business is not a bed of roses. One must be able to understand that there are risks involved and one must be strong enough to be able to survive. The first one is having a good plan ahead for the business. (Reveron, p.1) This will be elaborated in the next section of the paper. The next element is having the passion to start, continue and finish the jobs that are given. (Reveron, p.1) Having this in background, then you are now capable of venturing to the huge market of E-Business. Creating the Business Plan After accepting that

Crime Scene Investigator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crime Scene Investigator - Essay Example The ability to recognize and collect physical evidence properly is always invaluable in solving violent crimes as well as during prosecution. As a matter of fact, the role of a crime scene investigator is in most court cases very critical as he/she is the determining factor as to whether physical proof will be applied while prosecuting or solving violent criminal acts (Crime Scene Investigator Network, n.d). It is important to note that the investigation of a crime scene can either be straightforward or it can come with challenges, which would call for a multidisciplinary approach in order to resolve them. To start with, the investigator can get the wrong impression of the crime scene – for instance, a crime scene that seems to be accidental fire may have been staged to conceal further crimes. Therefore, hurried conclusions may make the investigator to miss out on important clues. The investigator should therefore know that every item that catches his/her attention is importan t and he/she should document it. He/she should thus be observant and diligent following standard procedures for every kind of scene response (Fish, Miller & Braswell, 2010). On arriving at the scene of crime, a crime scene-investigator must do various things and process lots of information. To start with, he/she should start by having a brief interview meeting with the first reporting officer on the scene as well as the lead detective in order to obtain information that can assist him/her comprehend what happened, when it occurred and the order of the events that took place (Domnauer, 2007). This should happen without the investigator getting too much information that is likely to taint his/her perspective. Instead, it should be sharpened in such a way that he/she is able to take the information that he/she received previously and mesh it with that which he/she gathered at the crime scene thereby enabling him/her to come to an impartial and logical determination of the events. In ot her words, the investigator should present the court with an accurate and true crime scene representation remaining unbiased as well as objective all through the proceedings. He/she should leave it for the court to weigh the value of the evidence and determine innocence or guilt (Fish, Miller & Braswell, 2010). Crime Scene Investigator Network (n.d) further records that a crime scene investigator has no substitute for a thoughtful and careful approach, and that he/she must not jump into making immediate conclusions regarding what happened founded on limited evidence. Instead, he/she must come up with several different theories of the crime, keeping those that incoming information at the scene do not eliminate. Rational deductions regarding what happened are generated from information from witnesses as well as the scene appearance. These theories assist in guiding the investigator in documenting specific conditions and identify valuable proof. According to Ruslander (2007), a crime s cene

Business Strategic Management Executive Summary Essay

Business Strategic Management Executive Summary - Essay Example The inclusion of A. C. Markkula brought in the required funds to the company as he was a retired professional with experience of working at Intel. Steve Jobs, the visionary of the three, dreamt about making a computer that is immensely user – friendly and therefore having considerable success with Apple – I, the company focused on Apple – II. But as IBM entered the market of manufacturing computers, the sales revenue and net profit of Apple Computers took a major hit and Steve Jobs was removed from the operational role. In order to replace Steve Jobs, the company banked upon John Sculley as the new CEO, who had a successful stint with Pepsi. Sculley initiated number of major decisions which included cooperative ventures with arch – rivals IBM. The Macintosh computers manufactured by Apple Computers continued to be the major revenue earner for the company. Sculley also decided to outsource some of its operations so that cost could be curtailed. But the efforts were not enough to ensure profitability of Apple Computers and the company faced 34% gross loss. Sculley was ‘promoted’ to be the Chairman by the board while Spindler replaced him as the CEO in the year 1991. Spindler cancelled many of the projects initiated by his predecessors and focused on capturing the international markets. Also, he attacked cost and curtailed research expenses too. Such a measure proved to be fatal for the company in due course of time and he had to resign with $ 69 million loss in 1996. Spindler was succeeded by a director of the board, George Amelio. Amelio cancelled the project of developing next generation Mac operating system. He tried to bring back the company on premium pricing model and acquired NeXT, a Steve Jobs company. Jobs joined Apple Computers again as an advisor and when in the year of 1997, the market share of Apple Computers reduced from 6% to 3%, Amelio was shown the door and Steve Jobs, the founder was made the interim CEO. Being at the helm,